IWS Documented News Service
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Institute for Workplace Studies----------------- Professor Samuel B. Bacharach
School of Industrial & Labor Relations-------- Director, Institute for Workplace Studies
Cornell University
16 East 34th Street, 4th floor---------------------- Stuart Basefsky
New York, NY 10016 -------------------------------Director, IWS News Bureau
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Congressional Research Service (CRS)
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Unemployment: Issues in the 112th Congress
Jane G. Gravelle, Senior Specialist in Economic Policy
Thomas L. Hungerford, Specialist in Public Finance
Linda Levine, Specialist in Labor Economics
October 5, 2012
http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41578.pdf
[full-text, 18 pages]
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Summary
The longest and deepest recession since the Great Depression ended and an expansion began in
June 2009. Although output started growing in the third quarter of 2009, the labor market was
weak in 2010, with the unemployment rate averaging 9.6% for the year. Despite showing greater
improvement toward the end of 2011, the unemployment rate averaged a still high 8.9% for the
year. The labor market has continued to slowly strengthen in 2012, with the unemployment rate in
September measuring 7.8%?the first time it has been below 8% since January 2009.
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Several policy steps were taken after the economy entered the Great Recession, including
stimulus bills in 2008 (P.L. 110-185) and 2009 (P.L. 111-5), an unprecedented expansion in direct
assistance to the financial sector by the Federal Reserve, and the Troubled Asset Relief Program
(TARP; P.L. 110-343). In December 2010, P.L. 111-312 extended the 2001 and 2003 ?Bush?
income tax cuts through 2012 as well as other expiring tax provisions and emergency
unemployment benefits through 2011. The Tax Relief, Unemployment Reauthorization, and Job
Creation Act also cut the payroll tax by two percentage points through 2011 as well.
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Continued high unemployment has led to concerns about the need for additional policies to
promote job creation. The President proposed a stimulus package in September 2011?the
American Jobs Act?which was introduced by request in the House (H.R. 12) and Senate (S.
1549). The two percentage point payroll tax cut that was due to expire at the end of 2011 was
extended into early 2012 as part of the Temporary Payroll Tax Cut Continuation Act (P.L. 112-
78). The payroll tax cut and emergency unemployment benefits were extended through 2012 as
part of the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act (P.L. 112-96).
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More recently, attention has focused on the upcoming significant increase in taxes and decrease in
spending popularly referred to as the ?fiscal cliff.? Economic projections have suggested that
these policies will dramatically slow growth and perhaps lead to a recession in the first part of
2013. Proposals have been made to extend some of the expiring tax cuts (H.R. 8, S. 3412, S.
3413, S. 3521) although there is disagreement about which cuts to extend.
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This report considers three policy issues: whether to take additional measures to increase jobs,
what measures might be most effective, and how job creation proposals should be financed. Most
proposals discussed as part of a potential additional macroeconomic jobs bill are traditional fiscal
stimulus policies. Their objective is to increase total spending in the economy (aggregate
demand) either through direct government spending on programs or by providing funds to others
that they will spend (through tax cuts, transfer payments, and aid to state and local governments).
Proposals for employment tax credits are different from traditional fiscal policies in that their
objective is to directly increase employment through a subsidy to labor costs.
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To be effective, fiscal stimulus is generally deficit financed. Although a stimulus measure could
be paid for by cutting other spending or raising other taxes, these financing options will offset the
stimulative effects on aggregate demand. It is possible to choose a deficit-neutral package of tax
and spending changes that would stimulate aggregate demand if some types of measures induce
more spending per dollar of cost than others, but such an effect would likely not be very large.
The choice of financing affects both the macroeconomic impact and the cost-benefit tradeoff of
the policy proposal. If such an effective stimulus package could be designed, it would have the
advantage of not exacerbating the challenges of a growing debt.
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Contents
The Labor Market Situation............................................................................................................. 1
Policy Steps Taken Through 2010 ................................................................................................... 4
110th Congress ........................................................................................................................... 4
111th Congress............................................................................................................................ 5
Federal Reserve ......................................................................................................................... 6
The President?s September 2011 Proposal....................................................................................... 6
Tax Provisions ........................................................................................................................... 7
Spending and Transfer Provisions ............................................................................................. 7
Congressional Proposals in December 2011 and in Early 2012 ...................................................... 7
The Fiscal Cliff and Related Proposals............................................................................................ 9
Economic Effects of Broad Policy Options................................................................................... 10
Spending, Transfers, and Tax Cuts .......................................................................................... 10
Employment Tax Credits ......................................................................................................... 12
Should Fiscal Stimulus Be Deficit Financed? ............................................................................... 14
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Contacts
Author Contact Information........................................................................................................... 15
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This information is provided to subscribers, friends, faculty, students and alumni of the School of Industrial & Labor Relations (ILR). It is a service of the Institute for Workplace Studies (IWS) in New York City. Stuart Basefsky is responsible for the selection of the contents which is intended to keep researchers, companies, workers, and governments aware of the latest information related to ILR disciplines as it becomes available for the purposes of research, understanding and debate. The content does not reflect the opinions or positions of Cornell University, the School of Industrial & Labor Relations, or that of Mr. Basefsky and should not be construed as such. The service is unique in that it provides the original source documentation, via links, behind the news and research of the day. Use of the information provided is unrestricted. However, it is requested that users acknowledge that the information was found via the IWS Documented News Service.
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Source: http://iwsdocumentednewsdaily.blogspot.com/2012/10/iws-crs-unemployment-issues-in-112th.html
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