Wednesday, March 6, 2013

Connecticut massacre records remain secret

NEW HAVEN, Conn. (AP) ? There is no doubt who is responsible for the Newtown school massacre. The shooter is dead and the prosecutor handling the case has said he does not expect any charges.

Yet authorities are continuing to keep search warrants and police records secret. Media outlets have pressed for the release of more records, which could shed light on a crime that has revived the national debate over gun control and could change the way guns are regulated.

The massacre has led to proposals for universal background checks on gun buyers and bans on assault weapons and high-capacity ammunition magazines. It also prompted reviews of school security and mental health care and led to proposed legislation in Connecticut that would forbid arcades and other establishments from allowing children under 18 to play point-and-shoot video games.

The 20-year-old shooter, Adam Lanza, killed his mother at their home before killing 20 first-graders and six educators at Sandy Hook Elementary School on Dec. 14. He killed himself as police arrived.

Prosecutor Stephen Sedensky III successfully argued in December to keep search warrant affidavits and applications related to Lanza's house and the car he drove to the school sealed for 90 days, saying disclosure would jeopardize an ongoing investigation. He said at the time no arrests were anticipated but had not been ruled out.

News media advocates say the records should be unsealed, arguing the public has a right to see such records, which include what was found in the house and car. They say records may be sealed only when an investigation would be hurt by disclosure.

"There seems to be absolutely no reason that they would need to. It's not going to jeopardize the case in any way," said Linda Petersen, chairwoman of the Freedom of Information Committee of the Society of Professional Journalists.

William Fish, an attorney who has represented the news media in high-profile cases that were sealed in Connecticut, also said the sealing does not appear justified since no prosecution is likely. He conceded, however, that "it's not a surprise to me that a court has in fact sealed the records just because it's so horrible."

Newtown police denied requests by The Associated Press for 911 calls and any police reports involving Lanza or his family. State police also declined to release records, citing the pending investigation.

In an editorial last week, The Hartford Courant said such records should be released sooner, not later, since they might answer the public's questions about the murders and could guide legislators making policy decisions in reaction to the crime.

Richard Hanley, graduate journalism director at Quinnipiac University, said he understood the 90-day sealing while the investigation unfolded but said there should be no extension of that sealing.

"This was a case that had a profound impact on people beyond the immediate area and it will have a profound impact on public policy," Hanley said Monday. "It's imperative that the authorities release the full investigative records, the 911 calls and other documents relative to this slaughter, because the overriding interest is the public's right to know."

Sedensky, the prosecutor, noted that authorities have disclosed details about the weapons used in the shooting: a Bushmaster semi-automatic rifle was used to kill the children and educators and a handgun to kill himself. He said he advised Newtown officials not to disclose the 911 calls.

Danbury Superior Court Judge John F. Blawie on Dec. 27 granted the 90-day seal on search warrant affidavits and applications after concluding that the state's "interest in continuing nondisclosure substantially outweighs any right to public disclosure at this time."

Sedensky said he has not decided yet whether to seek an extension of the sealing. A police report on the probe may not be ready until the summer, he said.

In denying a request by the AP for police reports and 911 calls, the Newtown Police Department said releasing the documents was prohibited by state law "as information to be used in a prospective law enforcement action." AP's request sought all police calls for service to the Lanza house and to Sandy Hook Elementary School, 911 calls and any police reports involving Lanza and his family.

Police Chief Michael Kehoe has said there were only two calls to the Lanza house several years before the shooting. One was in 2006 in which Lanza's mother Nancy reported someone rang the doorbell and ran off and the other was to report a larceny in 2003 that turned out to be in another jurisdiction, Kehoe said.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/conn-massacre-records-secret-media-seek-access-194010901.html

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GOP seeks to smooth roughest cuts, avert shutdown

House Speaker John Boehner of Ohio, accompanied by fellow GOP leaders, meets with reporters on Capitol Hill in Washington, Tuesday, March 5, 2013, following a Republican strategy session. From left are, House Majority Whip Kevin McCarthy of Calif., Boehner, House Majority Leader Eric Cantor of Va., and Rep. Steve Daines, R-Mont. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)

House Speaker John Boehner of Ohio, accompanied by fellow GOP leaders, meets with reporters on Capitol Hill in Washington, Tuesday, March 5, 2013, following a Republican strategy session. From left are, House Majority Whip Kevin McCarthy of Calif., Boehner, House Majority Leader Eric Cantor of Va., and Rep. Steve Daines, R-Mont. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)

House Speaker John Boehner of Ohio listens during a news conference on Capitol Hill in Washington, Tuesday, March 5, 2013, following a Republican strategy session. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)

(AP) ? Republicans controlling the House are moving to take the roughest edges off across-the-board spending cuts that are just starting to take effect.

Even as the military would bear a $43 billion cut over just seven months, the new GOP measure released Monday would give the Pentagon much-needed funding for readiness. It would also ease the pain felt by critical agencies like the FBI and the Border Patrol.

The effort is part of a huge spending measure released Monday that would fund day-to-day federal operations through September ? and head off a potential government shutdown later this month.

"Our goal is to cut spending, not to shut the government down," said House Speaker John Boehner, R-Ohio.

The measure would leave in place automatic cuts of 5 percent to domestic agencies and 7.8 percent to the Pentagon ordered Friday by President Barack Obama after months of battling with Republicans over the budget. But the House Republicans' legislation would award the Defense Department its detailed 2013 budget while other agencies would be frozen in place at 2012 levels.

The unprecedented across-the-board cuts would then be applied to the day-to-day budgets of every federal agency except Veterans Affairs, which is exempt from them.

The GOP funding measure is set to advance through the House on Thursday in hopes of preventing a government shutdown when a six-month spending bill passed last September runs out March 27. The latest measure blends updated 2013 budget measures for the Defense and Veterans Affairs departments ? giving much-sought increases for military operations and maintenance efforts and veterans' health programs ? but puts most the rest of the government on autopilot.

Senate Democrats want to add more detailed budgets for domestic Cabinet agencies but it will take GOP help to do so. The House measure also denies money sought by Obama and his Democratic allies to implement the signature 2010 laws overhauling the health care system and financial regulation.

After accounting for the across-the-board cuts, domestic agencies would face cuts exceeding 5 percent when compared with last year. But Republicans carved out a host of exemptions seeking to protect especially important functions, such as federal prisons and firefighting efforts in the West, as well as new funding for embassy security and modernizing the U.S. nuclear arsenal. The FBI and the Border Patrol would be able to maintain current staffing levels and would not have to furlough employees.

The legislation would provide about $2 billion more than the current level to beef up security at U.S. embassies and diplomatic missions worldwide. Last September, a terrorist attack on the U.S. diplomatic mission in Benghazi, Libya, killed Ambassador Chris Stevens and three other Americans.

A project to repair the iconic Capitol Dome could stay on track and NASA would be protected from the harshest effects of the automatic cuts, known in Washington-speak as a sequester.

The across-the-board cuts would carve $85 billion in spending from the government's $3.6 trillion budget for this year, concentrating the cuts in the approximately $1 trillion allocated to the day-to-day agency operating budgets set by Congress each year. Those so-called discretionary accounts received big boosts in the first two years of Obama's presidency, when Democrats controlled Congress, but have borne the brunt of the cuts approved as Obama and Republicans have grappled over the budget.

Both Democrats and Republicans for months have warned the cuts are draconian and would slow the growth of the economy, costing hundreds of thousands of jobs. The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office, for instance, says they would slow the economy by 0.6 percent and cost about 750,000 jobs.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/apdefault/89ae8247abe8493fae24405546e9a1aa/Article_2013-03-05-Budget%20Battle/id-73327fc616004a068fa37c998e505c8b

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Luxury Clothing Startup Everlane Crowdfunds Its Canada Launch, Targets More International Growth

everlane canadaIt’s becoming very clear that crowdfunding isn’t just for nascent upstart projects anymore. The latest example of this: Everlane, the company that produces and sells luxury clothing and accessories at a discount since it’s online-only and vertically integrated, is raising $100,000 in a crowdsourced campaign to determine whether it will extend its reach into Canada. The effort, which began this morning, has been a big success so far, with some 480 contributors committing more than $32,000 just nine hours into the 17 day campaign. Crowdfunding for data’s sake — not for the money It bears mention that the money raised is not all that’s necessary being to fund the Canadian launch. “We’re not using any of this to fund the operations,” Everlane founder and CEO Michael Preysman said in a phone interview today. “It’s our internal benchmark. We said, ‘If we hit this mark, there are a lot of people in Canada who really want Everlane.’” Looking ahead, Preysman says Everlane is eyeing even more international expansion, with launches in the UK and Australia hopefully on deck by the end of 2013. Today, Everlane currently has more than 500,000 members in the US alone. It’s an interesting example of how crowdfunding can be valuable even for companies that don’t necessarily need the money. Hard data about consumer intent can be hard to come by, and crowdfunding provides concrete feedback about people who are truly interested in something — people who will put money down are clearly pretty serious about wanting a product. Traditionally it’s been used by upstart projects that need the money to take the next step, but this shows that it can be a valuable data collection tool in itself. Making a launch less of a ‘shot in the dark’ It’s a big departure from how small e-commerce companies typically handle international expansion. The status quo way to evaluate which regions to expand to next is counting the inbound requests received via email — an obviously vague way of gauging demand. “Bigger companies can do significantly-sized user studies, but for smaller companies like us, it’s a shot in the dark,” Preysman said. “There have been a number of instances where you see startups enter, say, Europe and it just doesn’t work out.” The risk of something not working out is not one that Everlane was keen to take. “We had a lot of people emailing us asking ‘When

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/Rflb3F0Xt8E/

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Tuesday, March 5, 2013

Amazon Takes More Steps Toward Building A Mobile Ad Network With An API In Beta

amazon-ad-networkAmazon is taking the first steps toward building a mobile ad network across its Kindle devices with a new advertising API in beta for developers. If you judge by the earnings of publicly traded mobile advertising companies like Millennial Media, which has had annual losses for the last five years, it’s a tough business with low margins. But Amazon has something that most other competing networks don’t: troves of data on the millions of consumers who buy goods off its site. That could help Amazon understand what kinds of ads actually result in purchases better than Google AdMob, Facebook or any of the independent networks like InMobi or Jumptap. It also means much more seamless calls-to-action embedded in ads that can get users immediately clicking through to buy products. Amazon is kicking off the network with advertisers like Duracell Powermat and Nature’s Bounty. For now, Amazon’s mobile ads API will only work with U.S. users and apps and games on the Kindle Fire, Kindle Fire HD and other Android phones and tablets. If a developer does use the API, they have to make sure that their apps are also available for download on Amazon’s app store. The network has two types of ads: static clickthrough banners and then banners that can expand to include rich media like video. They have calls to action that usually involve opening an in-app or native browser. There’s room for basic geo-targeting with using latitude and longitude coordinates if a user has chosen to share them with an app. Publishers can also blacklist certain advertisers they don’t want or think are appropriate for their users. So far, Amazon has shied away from making a big purchase of an independent mobile ad network. That’s unlike Apple or Google, which bought Quattro and AdMob respectively back in 2010. While the AdMob deal is generally considered to have worked out well for Google, Apple’s effort to turn Quattro into a premium mobile ad network like iAd sputtered as brand advertisers balked at the upfront spending commitments the company initially asked for. It seems that Amazon is taking a more conservative approach with more traditional ad formats and advertisers that already sell products on its site. The ads API comes on top of a host of other mobile app infrastructure products Amazon has built over the last year including a mobile gaming network, GameCircle, a virtual currency and in-app

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/IVmoFMuqW98/

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GOP's anti-tax focus trips Dems in budget battle

House Speaker John Boehner of Ohio smiles during a news conference on Capitol Hill in Washington, Tuesday, March 5, 2013, following a Republican strategy session. Congressional Republicans? unyielding stand against income tax increases has caught President Barack Obama and his allies off guard. The result is a spending-cuts-only approach to deficit reduction that Democrats wanted to avoid. The events have dimmed hopes for broader efforts to start taming costly ?entitlement? programs such as Medicare and Social Security. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)

House Speaker John Boehner of Ohio smiles during a news conference on Capitol Hill in Washington, Tuesday, March 5, 2013, following a Republican strategy session. Congressional Republicans? unyielding stand against income tax increases has caught President Barack Obama and his allies off guard. The result is a spending-cuts-only approach to deficit reduction that Democrats wanted to avoid. The events have dimmed hopes for broader efforts to start taming costly ?entitlement? programs such as Medicare and Social Security. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)

House Speaker John Boehner of Ohio, accompanied by fellow GOP leaders, meets with reporters on Capitol Hill in Washington, Tuesday, March 5, 2013, following a Republican strategy session. From left are, House Majority Whip Kevin McCarthy of Calif., Boehner, House Majority Leader Eric Cantor of Va., and Rep. Steve Daines, R-Mont. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)

WASHINGTON (AP) ? Congressional Republicans' unyielding stand against income tax increases has caught President Barack Obama and his allies off guard, resulting in the spending-cuts-only approach to deficit reduction that Democrats most wanted to avoid.

It also has dimmed hopes for broader efforts this year to start taming the costly and fast-growing "entitlement" programs of Medicare and Social Security.

The result is a new round of deficit reduction that tilts more toward Republicans' wishes than many people would have expected after Obama won re-election with a campaign that called for higher taxes on the rich.

Democrats thought House Republicans would accept some new revenues last month to minimize military cuts and to pressure liberals to confront entitlement spending. Instead, Republicans seem more determined than ever to block tax increases on high incomes, whatever the political risk.

It's now the overriding priority for GOP lawmakers ? even if they hold a different view of payroll taxes on wage earners. With relatively little debate, Republicans and Democrats this year raised the payroll tax rate, which funds Social Security, after granting a two-year reduction.

In all, two years of budget debates have yielded laws to reduce deficits by nearly $4 trillion over 10 years, a point of pride for Republicans. About $620 billion of that will come from tax hikes made inevitable by the "fiscal cliff" legislation, resolved on Jan. 1. The rest will come from spending cuts and savings on interest.

The ratio disappoints liberals. They recall that Congress' top Republican suggested $800 billion in new revenue, and Obama proposed $1.2 trillion or more, in "grand bargain" talks that started in 2011 but never reached fruition.

"Somehow we ended up with $600 billion," and with no provisions to rein in entitlements, says Jim Kessler of the Democratic think tank Third Way. "It was an enormous missed opportunity."

For House Republicans, the no-income-tax-increase stand is more doctrine than strategy. Whether lucky or strategic, however, they feel they outfoxed Obama on deficit-reduction policies this time.

When a new "fiscal cliff" law was about to raise income tax rates on nearly all U.S earners in January, GOP leaders accepted Obama's offer to limit the increase to incomes above $450,000. It was a concession by the president, who had campaigned for a somewhat broader tax hike.

Republicans never reciprocated, however. That cleared the way last week for across-the-board "sequester" spending cuts, once considered too damaging to enact. The deal contains none of the new revenues that Democrats had hoped would follow their compromise on the fiscal cliff.

"It a result of botched negotiations on the fiscal cliff," Kessler said. "There is now no forcing mechanism for Democrats to come to the table on entitlements and for Republicans to come to the table on revenue."

The government is cutting into discretionary spending rather than investing in education, infrastructure and other future-oriented priorities, Kessler said.

Republicans say income tax rate hikes inhibit hiring. Democrats note that the federal tax burden, as a portion of the economy, is the lowest it has been since 1950. Also, nonpartisan studies show that the Bush-era tax cuts contributed heavily to the deficit.

Some Republicans say they outflanked Obama last week simply by adamantly opposing higher income taxes. It's a priority they reinforced at a January gathering in Williamsburg, Va.

"The strategy we've been embarked on since Williamsburg ? which is no budget, no pay; lock in the sequester savings; get the CR done ? so far, that's working," said Rep. Jim Jordan of Ohio, a prominent House conservative. He was alluding to House efforts to force senators to pass a budget (or forgo their pay), and to open the way for a "continuing resolution" to keep the government operating beyond March 27, with no increase in revenues.

Kevin Smith, a spokesman for House Speaker John Boehner, said: "We're exactly where we set out to be a few weeks ago."

The GOP strategy carries risks. Polls show Americans are more inclined to blame Republicans than Democrats if the budget reductions damage the economy or significantly inconvenience people's day-to-day lives.

Louisiana Gov. Bobby Jindal and other non-Washington Republicans say congressional Republicans are too obsessed with austerity and budget numbers, risking a public backlash if programs are cut too deeply or unwisely.

A CBS News poll finds large majorities of Americans saying they want both parties to compromise rather than hold fast to their positions. Self-identified Democrats, however, embrace compromise more than Republicans do.

GOP strategist Mike McKenna thinks House Republicans took a smart, calculated risk by letting the sequester cuts take place. "Most people don't interact with the federal government a lot," he said.

While most Americans support a mix of budget cuts and tax increases to reduce the deficit, McKenna said, they realize the payroll tax rose in January, along with the tax on incomes above $450,000.

With the deficit-spending battles apparently cooling for a while, Congress can focus more heavily on immigration, gun control and other issues.

Congressional Republicans say they're confident that few if any changes will be made to gun laws. As for immigration, most are taking a wait-and-see approach.

Many conservative activists oppose "amnesty" for illegal immigrants. But Republican strategists say the party will struggle to win presidential elections unless it improves its relationship with Hispanic voters, many of whom see immigration as important symbolically and substantively.

House Republicans "are so caught up in the sequester thing, they're not thinking four weeks down the road," McKenna said.

For now, they seem content without a grand strategy, and some Democrats are wincing.

Democratic consultant Jim Manley, who confers often with Obama aides, said those aides feel the president used his fiscal cliff leverage to his advantage on Jan. 1. But on the sequester, they concede that Republicans returned the favor and had the upper hand, Manley said.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/3d281c11a96b4ad082fe88aa0db04305/Article_2013-03-05-Budget%20Battle-Republican%20Strategy/id-ff3821e097ce4e59a1920aa8e83b91e4

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Monday, March 4, 2013

How many frogs does it take to make a handbag? Tokyo museum has the answer

Tucked away in Tokyo is a little trafficked museum that houses bags from the world over. It is an unexpected reminder of how much more than a bag a piece of luggage can be.

By Peter Ford,?Staff Writer / March 3, 2013

The World Bags and Luggage Museum is home to the personal collection of the owner of Japan's Ace luggage company (the world's first producer of nylons bags). It houses more than 400 examples of handbags, travel bags, and trunks made from everything from Zebra to frog.

Peter Ford/The Christian Science Monitor

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Hidenori Hirosaki acknowledges that the museum of which he is the director is ?unusual.?

Skip to next paragraph Peter Ford

Beijing Bureau Chief

Peter Ford is The Christian Science Monitor?s Beijing Bureau Chief. He covers news and features throughout China and also makes reporting trips to Japan and the Korean peninsula.

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He is proud, he says, that ?it is unique. There is no other museum with this concept in the world.?

Mr. Hirosaki is the director and driving force behind the World Bags and Luggage Museum, a shrine that imbues the humble suitcase with a sacred quality.

On display, picked out like jewels by artful lighting, are satchels and steamer trunks, backpacks and portmanteaus, clutch bags and briefcases from around the world and down the ages.

The collection began with Ryusaku Shinkawa, the founder of ACE, a Japanese luggage manufacturer, who gathered many of the pieces that are now on show for the small and little-visited museum. The late Mr. Shinkawa, described in the museum brochure as ?pursuing bag as divine vocation,? was clearly passionate about his business.

Hirosaki has inherited his enthusiasm, and his taste is eclectic. As a man who has worked for ACE and lived with leather all his adult life (?the first thing I notice about a man is his shoes,? he says), he cannot disguise his preference for perfectly tanned cowhide and the workmanship that went into classic Italian luggage in the 1960s.

But he is just as keen to show off a navy blue Panam flight bag, made in 1960, which Hirosaki explains in the descriptive panel alongside the bag, was ?a longing symbol of overseas travel for us Japanese.? Japanese were not allowed to go abroad, except on business or to study, until 1964, he recalls.

The museum, housed on the seventh floor of the ACE corporation?s headquarters, owns about 600 pieces (and the collection is growing: Hirosaki bought the Panam bag last year on eBay for $150) but only half of them are on display. Even so, they encompass an extraordinary variety of things for putting things in.

Zebra, water buffalo, hippopotamus, oh my

There is a pair of zebra skin travel bags; an elephant hide suitcase that once belonged to a Kuwaiti emir; one attach? case made from rich yellow water buffalo hide, another of hippopotamus leather, and a third from deeply crevassed sharkskin.

There is a trunk covered with the black skins of 12 saltwater crocodiles, gleaming like patent leather; there is an elk-skin shoulder bag from Finland, a barrel-topped Saratoga trunk from the United States, and an elegant clutch made in Thailand from a patchwork of pale green and delicate yellow rectangles.

?A considerable number of frogs are needed to make a single bag,? a sign explains.

And did you ever wonder why a Saratoga trunk had that distinctive barrel-shaped lid? In the days of carriage and train travel when cases were piled on top of each other, a Saratoga trunk could only go on top of the pile, thus running less risk of damage.

The museum embraces the modern and the practical with as much ardor as it reserves for the exotic and luxurious. Hirosaki waxes lyrical in his description of the first Samsonite suitcase that ACE made under license, (the classic Silhouette, whose subtle wedge shape has defined the brand for half a century), describing it as ?a flower on a lofty height.?

In another glass display case nearby is an even more prosaic looking item ? a grey aluminum box with an orange Bakelite handle, secured by a couple of hasps.

This, it turns out, is the toolbox that Richard Halliburton designed for himself in 1938. The American engineer, scion of the oil-services giant bearing his name, ?through his bitter experience in the Middle East that inside of a bag get covered in sand, decided to invent a case of his own satisfactory,? Hirosaki?s sign explains in somewhat fractured English.

A very similar, though somewhat larger, box was used by the Apollo 11 crew to store moon-rocks, says a sign. ?The spec. was nothing special, with slight interior modification, which proved the case valid in universe.?

Valid throughout the universe. What greater praise could be bestowed on a travel accessory?

Just before the exit, the last display area in the museum shows off ACE?s current output ? fairly standard pieces of lightweight, robust luggage in bright colors equipped with the casters and pullout handles familiar from airports the world over.

Hirosaki is proud that ACE is Japan?s only remaining luggage manufacturer, but he cannot hide his nostalgia for the glory days of luxury travel and the exquisitely crafted baggage that went with it.

?Today people put too much stress on rationality, functionality, and efficiency,? he sighs, admiring a strapped suitcase made from natural leather by the Italian company Franzi (where Guccio Gucci got his start) half a century ago.

The sign beside the case is simple and eloquent. ?The same cannot be manufactured under the present circumstances of attaching too much emphasis to productivity,? it says. The World Bags and Luggage Museum is an unexpected reminder of how much more than a bag a bag can be.

(The museum can be found in the Asakusa district of Tokyo at 1-8-10 Komagata, Taito Ku, Tokyo. Phone 03-3847-5680)

Source: http://rss.csmonitor.com/~r/feeds/csm/~3/rAL65GKdQwY/How-many-frogs-does-it-take-to-make-a-handbag-Tokyo-museum-has-the-answer

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Mouse Study Sheds Light On Why Some Cancer Vaccines Fail

A simple switch of ingredients made a big difference in how mice responded to experimental cancer vaccines.

Andrei Tchernov/iStockphoto.com

A simple switch of ingredients made a big difference in how mice responded to experimental cancer vaccines.

Andrei Tchernov/iStockphoto.com

In the quest for better cancer medicines, vaccines that treat rather than prevent disease are getting lots of attention.

More than 90 clinical trials have tested therapeutic vaccines in cancer patients, but the results have been a mixed bag.

A recent study in mice suggests that changing a traditional ingredient in the vaccines could make a big difference.

A typical therapeutic vaccine against cancer contains a cancer-specific peptide, or protein fragment, that is injected under a patient's skin. The peptide serves as a red flag for the immune system. If all goes well, the patient's immune system recognizes the peptide as something to be attacked and boosts the population of cancer-fighting T-cells in the bloodstream.

For such vaccines to work against the cancers, though, these cells have to find their way to tumors. This migration might not be happening as expected in traditional human cancer vaccines, says Willem Overwijk, an author of the study in the latest Nature Medicine and an assistant professor at MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston.

Cancer vaccines typically include a substance called IFA, short for "incomplete Freund's adjuvant." Adjuvants are chemicals added to vaccines to stimulate an immune response.

"IFA is a mineral oil that is not biodegradable by the body," says Overwijk. This was thought to be helpful in cancer vaccines because the longer the vaccine sticks around in the body, the greater the immune response and the more T-cells that can be produced, Overwijk says.

But when mice were injected with an IFA vaccine against melanoma, the study reports that most of the T-cells in the bloodstream went to the site of the vaccine injection ? not the tumor.

"The body doesn't know how to deal with the mineral oil [in IFA], and the body cannot get rid of that big blob of vaccine ... that sits under the skin. The T-cells go back and try to kill the oil, but they can't," he says.

When the oily IFA was replaced with water or saline ? substances easily processed by mice and men ? the T-cells migrated to the tumors and began to destroy them.

If these results hold up in humans, they could lead to a shift in the approach to making therapeutic cancer vaccines because most clinical trials now are testing vaccines that use peptides and IFA. "This finding applies to all of those ? it's not limited to a certain cancer type," Overwijk says.

The results of this study confirm the findings of others in the field, and could be an important addition to cancer vaccine research, says Dr. Jeffery Weber, a tumor immunologist at the Moffitt Cancer Center in Tampa, Florida, who wasn't associated with the study.

"Though, one word of caution is that obviously the skin and the subcutaneous tissue of a mouse is a lot different than in a human, so it's a little hard to extrapolate. But within the reasonable limits I have some confidence," Weber told Shots.

Overwijk and collaborators at the University of Virginia expect to start a human clinical trial using saline or water-based cancer vaccines sometime this year. But, he says, these non-IFA vaccines have problems, too.

"While it is better than the IFA, we think water may actually be a little too ephemeral. Too short, and you don't get the activation of the immune system." Overwijk says. Another barrier is the difficulty in tracking human T-cells via biopsy ? a process that wasn't necessary in mice, where the cells could be fluorescently labeled.

Though there are plenty of unresolved issue in cancer vaccine research, Overwijk says that these results could be important for improving future clinical trials. It's "an eye-opener," he says, a kind of "'Aha!' moment after years of using these same vaccines."

Source: http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/03/04/173412469/mouse-study-sheds-light-on-why-some-cancer-vaccines-fail?ft=1&f=1007

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